Conocimientos y factores de riesgo socioambientales en relación con arbovirosis urbanas en Barranquilla (Colombia)

Objetivo: Comparar el nivel de conocimiento sobre las arbovirosis urbanas y los factores socioambientales de riesgo para su presencia en barrios de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos de la ciudad de Barranquilla. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo-transversal, con muestreo simple por conveniencia. Se aplicaron 100 encuestas en cuatro barrios, dos de estrato socioeconómico dos y dos de estrato socioeconómico tres (25 viviendas/barrio), para evaluar el conocimiento de la comunidad sobre las arbovirosis urbanas y las condiciones socioambientales de riesgo, para la presencia de larvas y adultos del vector Aedes aegypti. Los datos cuantitativos resultantes fueron analizados mediante una prueba Chi cuadrado-X2 con 95 % de confianza y un análisis de componentes principales-ACP para estudio de diferencias significativas e inferencia de variables determinantes en cuanto a conocimientos y factores socioambientales de riesgo en el área de estudio. La información fue analizada con el programa SPSS versión 25. Resultados: Los encuestados de todos los barrios reconocieron a los mosquitos como transmisores de agentes causantes de dengue, Zika o chikungunya. Se identificaron larvas y adultos de Ae. aegypti en nichos del intra- y peridomicilio como factores de riesgo. Conclusión: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el nivel de conocimiento sobre arbovirosis y el estrato socioeconómico de los entrevistados. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo socioambientales, los barrios de estrato socioeconómico dos presentaron mayores factores de riesgo para la instalación de arbovirosis, siendo la presencia de Ae. aegypti el componente principal. La presencia de mascotas en el domicilio, atrayentes del mosquito, también tienen alta ponderación entre las variables de riesgo en los barrios estudiados.

Objective: To compare the level of knowledge about urban arboviruses and the socio-environmental risk factors for their presence in neighborhoods of different socioeconomic status of the City of Barranquilla. Methodology: Descriptive-cross-sectional study, with simple convenience sampling. 100 surveys were applied in four neighborhoods, two from socioeconomic status two, and two from socioeconomic status three (25 dwellings/neighborhood), to evaluate the community's knowledge about urban arboviruses and socioenvironmental risk conditions, for the presence of larvae and adults of the vector Aedes aegypti. The resulting quantitative data were analyzed using a Chi square-X2 test with 95 % confidence and a principal component analysis-PCA to study significant differences and inference of determining variables in terms of knowledge and socio-environmental risk factors in the study area. The information was analyzed with the SPSS version 25 program. Results: Respondents from all neighborhoods recognized mosquitoes as transmitters of agents causing dengue, Zika or Chikungunya. Larvae and adults of Ae. aegypti, in intra and peridomicile niches as risk factors. Conclusion: No significant differences were found between the level of knowledge about arboviruses and the socioeconomic status of the interviewees. Regarding the socio-envi-ronmental risk factors, the neighborhoods of socioeconomic status two presented higher risk factors for the installation of arboviruses, being the presence of Ae. aegypti the main component. The presence of pets in the home, mosquito attractants, also have a high weighting among the risk variables in the neighborhoods studied.

Quantificação de substâncias do fator de hidratação natural (NMF) do estrato córneo ex vivo em função do fototipo e idade / Ex vivo quantification of natural hydration factor (NMF) substances in the stratum corneum as a function of phototype and age

A hidratação cutânea ocorre, em parte, pelos componentes do Fator de Hidratação Natural (NMF), originados da degradação da filagrina, sendo alguns exemplos o ácido pirrolidona-carboxílico (PCA), o ácido urocânico (UCA) e a histidina (His). Estes estão presentes no estrato córneo (EC). O objetivo deste projeto de pesquisa foi determinar, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), o PCA, o UCA e a His no estrato córneo de participantes obtido por tape stripping em função do fototipo e idade do participante da pesquisa. Participantes foram selecionados em função da idade acima de 18 anos, ambos os gêneros e fototipo da pele entre I a VI, de acordo com a classificação de Fitzpatrick. As amostras do EC foram obtidas do antebraço volar por tape stripping e irradiadas artificialmente. A cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi eficaz para separação e quantificação adequada das substâncias químicas His, PCA e os isômeros de UCA (trans-UCA e cis-UCA) no estrato córneo dos participantes. O método apresentou-se seletivo e ausente de interferentes, ademais, possuiu linearidade e limites de detecção e quantificação compatíveis com os objetivos dessa investigação. No fototipo I, os níveis de His foram menores em comparação aos demais grupos. Ademais, os níveis dessa mesma substância não apresentaram diferença entre as faixas etárias. Em função da irradiação das amostras, o montante de His aumentou em todos os fototipos. Os níveis de PCA apresentaram-se menores após a irradiação em todos os fototipos de pele. Ainda, as concentrações do PCA foram mais elevadas na faixa etária de 46 a 55 anos de idade. Os níveis de concentração do isômero cis-UCA foram maiores nos participantes com fototipo III, após a irradiação UV. Os níveis de concentração do isômero trans-UCA diminuíram após a irradiação, de forma proporcional à formação de cis-UCA em todos os fototipos. A faixa etária de 46-55 anos de idade obteve níveis significativamente menores de trans-UCA e cis-UCA

Cutaneous hydration occurs, in part, by the components of the Natural Hydration Factor (MFN), originating from the degradation of filagrina, some examples being pyrrolidone-carboxylic acid (PCA), urocanic acid (UCA) and histidine (His). These are present in the stratum corneum (SC). The objective of this research project was to determine, by high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC), the PCA, UCA and His in the stratum corneum of participants obtained by tape stripping due to the phototype and age of the research participant. Participants were selected according to age above 18 years, both genders and skin phototype between I and VI, according to Fitzpatrick's classification. The SC samples were obtained from the volar forearm by tape stripping and artificially irradiated. High efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) was effective for the separation and proper quantification of the chemicals His, PCA and UCA isomers (trans-UCA and cis-UCA) in the stratum corneum of the participants. The method was selective and absent from interfering, in addition, it had linearity and limits of detection and quantification compatible with the objectives of this investigation. In phototype I, His levels were lower compared to the other groups. Moreover, the levels of this same substance showed no difference between age groups. Due to the irradiation of the samples, the amount of His increased in all phototypes. PCA levels were lower after irradiation in all skin phototypes. Furthermore, PCA concentrations were higher in the age group from 46 to 55 years of age. The concentration levels of the cis-UCA isomer were higher in participants with phototype III after UV irradiation. The concentration levels of the trans-UCA isomer decreased after irradiation, proportionally to the formation of cis-UCA in all phototypes. The age group 46-55 years of age obtained significantly lower levels of trans-UCA and cis-UCA

Research on motor behavior in the year 2018 / Pesquisa na área de comportamento motor no ano de 2018

ABSTRACT Motor Behavior (MB) is the study of neuropsychological processes with regard to the motor response organization in terms of learning, control, and motor development. Three research sub-areas emerged from MB, that is, Motor Learning (ML), Motor Control (MC), and Motor Development (MD). The present study aimed at describing the intellectual production related to ML, MC and MD sub-areas in 2018, in addition to identifying the current profile of the MB area. The intellectual production of the MB sub-areas was organized according to stratum, type of task, and adherence to the journals of area 21 (CAPES). Fifty three articles on MB, published by 51 researchers, were found. All these studies were produced by the Graduate Programs of Physical Education in 2018. The distribution of the articles in sub-areas was represented as follows: 30.18% ML, 54.72% MC, and 15.10% MD. The MC sub-area had 86% of its articles published in the upper strata; the ML sub-area had 37%, followed by the MD sub-area with 13%. The average of the three sub-areas resulted in 83.02% of studies with simple tasks and only 16.98% with complex tasks. The greater number of publications with low adherence combined with the greater number of investigations with simple tasks seems to show the researchers' difficulty in approaching the knowledge produced in the MB area for undergraduate Physical Education students.

RESUMO A área de Comportamento Motor (CoM) investiga os processos neuropsicológicos da organização da resposta motora em termos de aprendizagem, controle e desenvolvimento motor, de onde emergiram. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a produção intelectual da área de Comportamento Motor (CoM), e as especificidades das suas subáreas de investigação denominadas Aprendizagem Motora (AM), Controle Motor (CM) e Desenvolvimento Motor (DM) produzidos pelos programas de Pós-graduação em Educação Física no ano de 2018. A produção intelectual nas subáreas do CoM foi organizada, por estrato, tipo de tarefa e aderência com os periódicos da área 21 da CAPES. Foram encontrados 53 artigos publicados por 51 pesquisadores. A distribuição dos artigos por subáreas foi representada por 30,18% AM, 54,72% CM e 15,10% DM. A subárea CM apresentou 86% de publicação dos artigos nos estratos superiores, a subárea AM com 37%, seguida da subárea DM com 13%. A média das três subáreas resultou em 83,02% de estudos com tarefa simples construída em laboratório e somente 16,98% com tarefa complexa. O maior número de publicações com baixa aderência aliado ao maior número de pesquisas com tarefas simples parece demonstrar a dificuldade dos pesquisadores de aproximar os conhecimentos produzidos na área de CoM com a formação de um corpo de conhecimento específico da Educação Física.

Comportamento ingestivo de novilhas de corte em pastagem de sorgo forrageiro implantada com diferentes arranjos populacionais / Ingestive behavior of heifers in sorghum implanted with different population arrangements

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da implantação de pastagem de sorgo forrageiro com diferentes arranjos populacionais no comportamento animal e na estrutura do pasto e de suas relações. Os tratamentos foram a combinação de dois espaçamentos entrelinhas e duas densidades de sementes ha-1, sendo 22 ou 44cm entrelinhas e 12 ou 24kg de sementes ha-1. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas, com idade e peso corporal inicial de 15 meses e 262kg, respectivamente. Os tratamentos E44D24 e E22D12 apresentaram maior tempo de pastejo (469,33 e 467,78 minutos, respectivamente). Os animais do tratamento E44D24 apresentaram menor taxa de bocado (23,99 bocados minuto-1) em relação ao tratamento E22D24 (32,45 bocados minuto-1). Os animais do tratamento E44D12 apresentaram maior número de estações alimentares minuto-1 (9,21) e maior taxa de deslocamento (11,76 passos minuto-1). O espaçamento entrelinhas de plantio de 22cm aumenta o número de bocados estação-1. O aumento na densidade de sementes (24kg ha-1) e a utilização de maiores espaçamentos entrelinhas de plantio aumentam a densidade de folhas nos estratos inferior (0-30cm) e superior (acima de 60cm) do pasto. Os tratamentos E44D12 e E22D24 apresentaram maiores quantidades de colmos no estrato superior do pasto.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of sorghum pasture implantation with different population arrangements in animal behavior and pasture structure and their relationships. The treatments were the combination of two row lines and two seeds per hectare densities, 22 or 44cm between rows and 12 or 24kg ha -1 of seed. 36 heifers at 15 months of age and 262kg body weight were used. The E44D24 and E22D12 treatments showed higher time of grazing (469.33 and 467.78 minutes, respectively). The animals in E44D24 treatment had lower bit rate (23.99 bites minute -1 ) compared to treatment with E22D24, a higher bit rate (32.45 bits min -1 ). The animals in E44D12 treatment presented the largest number of stations minute -1 (9.21) and higher displacement rate (11.76 steps min -1 ). The row spacing of 22cm increases the number of bits station -1 . The increase in seed density and the use of larger planting row spacing's increase the leaf density of the lower (0-30cm) and higher stratum (above 60cm) of pasture. The E44D12 and E22D24 treatment have higher amounts of stems in the upper stratum of the pasture.(AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados con embarazos no deseados en mujeres estudiantes de medicina.

INTRODUCTION: Most pregnancies in adolescents and young adults are unwanted and many are the consequence of inconsistent contraception use. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk factors that may influence on female adolescents with unwanted pregnancies. METHOD: Cross-sectional, descriptive study in Ecuadorian female medical students, where the 2013 National Sexual and Reproductive Health Survey, the family APGAR scale, and the Graffar-Méndez Castellanos socio-economic scale were used. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in the age of active sexual life initiation between those who became pregnant (18.11 ± 1.45) and those who did not (19.22 ± 2.28). Average age at pregnancy was 20.41 ± 2.18; 59.3 % of those who had a pregnancy and 32% of those without pregnancy did not use protection in their first intercourse. Pregnancy was more common in city residents (100%), Catholic females (85.2%), who belonged to middle-high (55.6%) and middle-high socioeconomic strata (29.6%) and to families with moderate dysfunction (40.7%). CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of adolescents in our study had an unwanted pregnancy at an early age despite being young undergraduate medical students, coming from moderately dysfunctional families and belonging to a middle-high socioeconomic status.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mayoría de los embarazos en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes son involuntarios y muchos son consecuencia del uso inconsistente de los métodos anticonceptivos. OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores de riesgo que pueden influir en las adolescentes que presentan embarazos no deseados. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes de medicina de Ecuador, para el cual se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva 2013, escala APGAR familia y escala socioeconómica de Graffar-Méndez Castellanos. RESULTADOS: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la edad de inicio de la vida sexual activa (18.11 ± 1.45) de las estudiantes que se embarazaron en comparación con las que no se embarazaron (19.22 ± 2.28). La edad promedio al embarazo fue de 20.41 ± 2.18); no usaron protección en su primera relación sexual, 59.3 % de las que tuvieron embarazo y 32 % de las que no lo tuvieron. El embarazo fue más frecuente en las residentes de ciudades (100 %), católicas (85.2 %), pertenecientes a estrato socioeconómico medio alto (55.6 %) y a familias con disfunción moderada (40.7 %). CONCLUSIONES: Un porcentaje importante de estudiantes de medicina tuvo algún embarazo no deseado a temprana edad; la mayoría procedía de familias con disfunción moderada y de un nivel socioeconómico medio alto.

Factores de riesgo asociados con embarazos no deseados en mujeres estudiantes de medicina / Risk factors associated with unwanted pregnancies in female medical students

Resumen Introducción: La mayoría de los embarazos en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes son involuntarios y muchos son consecuencia del uso inconsistente de los métodos anticonceptivos. Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo que pueden influir en las adolescentes que presentan embarazos no deseados. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes de medicina de Ecuador, para el cual se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva 2013, escala APGAR familia y escala socioeconómica de Graffar-Méndez Castellanos. Resultados: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la edad de inicio de la vida sexual activa (18.11 ± 1.45) de las estudiantes que se embarazaron en comparación con las que no se embarazaron (19.22 ± 2.28). La edad promedio al embarazo fue de 20.41 ± 2.18); no usaron protección en su primera relación sexual, 59.3 % de las que tuvieron embarazo y 32 % de las que no lo tuvieron. El embarazo fue más frecuente en las residentes de ciudades (100 %), católicas (85.2 %), pertenecientes a estrato socioeconómico medio alto (55.6 %) y a familias con disfunción moderada (40.7 %). Conclusiones: Un porcentaje importante de estudiantes de medicina tuvo algún embarazo no deseado a temprana edad; la mayoría procedía de familias con disfunción moderada y de un nivel socioeconómico medio alto.

Abstract Introduction: Most pregnancies in adolescents and young adults are unwanted and many are the consequence of inconsistent contraception use. Objective: To analyze the risk factors that may influence on female adolescents with unwanted pregnancies. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive study in Ecuadorian female medical students, where the 2013 National Sexual and Reproductive Health Survey, the family APGAR scale, and the Graffar-Méndez Castellanos socio-economic scale were used. Results: There was statistically significant difference in the age of active sexual life initiation between those who became pregnant (18.11 ± 1.45) and those who did not (19.22 ± 2.28). Average age at pregnancy was 20.41 ± 2.18; 59.3 % of those who had a pregnancy and 32% of those without pregnancy did not use protection in their first intercourse. Pregnancy was more common in city residents (100%), Catholic females (85.2%), who belonged to middle-high (55.6%) and middle-high socioeconomic strata (29.6%) and to families with moderate dysfunction (40.7%). Conclusions: A significant percentage of adolescents in our study had an unwanted pregnancy at an early age despite being young undergraduate medical students, coming from moderately dysfunctional families and belonging to a middle-high socioeconomic status.

Grazing criteria for perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) consumed by sheep in rotational stocking / Critérios de pastejo para amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) consumido por ovelhas em sistema rotacionado

The objective of work was to study the productive profile of perennial peanut in a rotational stocking environment under different criteria. The treatments corresponded to pre-grazing height of 14 and 18cm or 95% of light interception (LI) distributed in a completely randomized design. The studied variables were forage mass, percentage of structural components, forage mass and the structural components in the lower and upper canopy strata. The entrance criterion of 18cm in height, despite having higher forage mass, presented lower percentage of leaves and higher percentage of stems and forage losses. The criteria of 14cm and 95% light interception presented similar production between them and the highest rate of forage accumulation. In all criteria, in the upper strata of pasture a higher percentage of leaves were found. The criteria of 95% LI and 14cm in height presented the best productive performances. The entry criterion of 18cm presented a higher mass of pre-grazing forage with lower percentage of dead material, but with higher forage losses, resulting from senescent leaves. Due to changes in the structural components, as grazing cycles increase, the interception of 95% of the incident light by the perennial peanut occurs at lower heights.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o perfil produtivo do amendoim forrageiro em um ambiente rotacionado, sob diferentes critérios. Os tratamentos corresponderam à altura de pré-pastejo de 14 e 18cm ou 95% de intercepção de luz (LI), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As variáveis estudadas foram massa forrageira, porcentagem de componentes estruturais, densidade da massa forrageira e densidade dos componentes estruturais nos estratos do dossel inferior e superior. O critério de entrada de 18cm de altura, apesar de ter maior massa forrageira, apresentou menor porcentagem de folhas e maior porcentagem de hastes e perdas de forragem. Os critérios de interceptação de luz de 14cm e 95% apresentaram produção similar entre eles e a maior taxa de acumulação de forragem. Em todos os critérios, no estrato superior de pastagem, foi encontrada maior porcentagem de folhas. Os critérios de 95% LI e 14cm de altura apresentaram os melhores desempenhos produtivos. O critério de entrada de 18cm apresentou maior massa de forragem pré-pastagem com menor porcentagem de material morto, mas com maiores perdas de forragem, resultantes de folhas senescentes. Devido às mudanças nos componentes estruturais, à medida que os ciclos de pastagem aumentam, a intercepção de 95% da luz incidente pelo amendoim forrageiro ocorre em alturas mais baixas.(AU)

Factores asociados a conocimientos sobre prevención del cáncer gástrico en pacientes en un hospital de Lima-Perú, 2017 / Factors associated with knowledge on the prevention of gastric cancer in patients at a hospital of Lima - Peru, 2017

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a conocimientos sobre la prevención del cáncer gástrico en pacientes atendidos en consultorio externo del Hospital Vitarte de Septiembre - Noviembre del 2017. Métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico y observacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 321 pacientes quienes cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se aplicó el test de nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención del cáncer gástrico y el test de Graffar. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó el software estadístico IBM SPSS versión 23. Resultados: El 62% de la población encuestada obtuvo nivel de conocimiento medio. Además, la asociación del nivel de conocimiento, la situación laboral, el acceso a internet y el estrato socioeconómico fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0.019, p=0.018, p=0.001). Conclusión: Se concluye que el nivel de conocimiento bajo y medio sobre prevención de cáncer gástrico se asoció significativamente con no tener ocupación, no tener acceso a internet y pertenecer a un nivel socioeconómico IV y V.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with knowledge on the prevention of gastric cancer in patients attended at the external office of the Vitarte Hospital in September - November 2017. Methods: Cross-sectional, analytical and observational study. The sample consisted of 321 patients who met the selection criteria. The knowledge level test on gastric cancer prevention and the Graffar test was applied. The statistical software IBM SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data. Results: 62% of the surveyed population obtained a medium level of knowledge. In addition, the association of the level of knowledge, work situation, access to the internet and the socioeconomic stratum was statistically significant (p = 0.019, p = 0.018, p = 0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that the level of low and medium knowledge about gastric cancer prevention was significantly associated with having no occupation, not having access to the internet and belonging to a socioeconomic level IV and V.

Escolaridad materna y estrato socioeconómico según el estado nutricional de preescolares evaluados en guarderías

Introducción: La problemática del elevado índice de malnutrición a nivel mundial se relaciona con factores causales comunes relacionados con la escolaridad materna, que junto con el estrato socioeconómico, podrían influir en la nutrición de los niños/as sobre todo aquellos que se encuentran en edad preescolar. Objetivo: Evaluar la escolaridad y el estrato socioeconómico maternos según el estado nutricional de preescolares. Materiales y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal. Fueron evaluados por antropometría, según criterios de la OMS, 82 niños/as en edad preescolar y se aplicaron encuestas a sus respectivas madres. Resultados: Según el indicador de Peso/Talla, 57,31% de los preescolares presentó estado nutricional adecuado (entre -1 y+1 DE), 29,3% sobrepeso (entre +1 y+2 DE) y 7,31% obesidad (por encima de +2 DE). El 6,1% presentó riesgo de desnutrición (entre -1 DE y -2 DE). En cuanto al indicador Talla/Edad, el 87,8% presentó talla adecuada (por encima de -1 DE), 11% riesgo de talla baja (entre -1 DE y -2 DE) y 1,22% talla baja (por debajo de -2 DE). Al comparar las medianas de los años de escolaridad materna según el estado nutricional de los hijos/as (18, 15, 14 y 13,5), no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p=0,247 Kruskal Wallis) y al comparar las medianas de los puntajes de la estratificación socioeconómica según el estado nutricional de los preescolares (7, 15 y 10,5), se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p=0,023 Kruskal Wallis). Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los preescolares presentó estado nutricional adecuado y talla adecuada. No se encontraron diferencias entre los años de escolaridad materna según el estado nutricional de los preescolares pero sí entre los puntajes de estratificación económica.

Introduction: The problem of the high rate of malnutrition worldwide is related to common causal factors related to maternal education, along with socioeconomic status, they could influence the nutrition of children, especially those who are in preschool. Objective: To evaluate maternal education and socioeconomic status as the nutritional status of preschool children. Materials and Methods: An analytical observational cross-sectional study was conducted. 82 children were evaluated by anthropometry, according to WHO criteria and surveys were applied to their respective mothers. Results: According to the indicator Weight/Height, 57.31% of preschool children presented adequate nutritional status (between -1 y+1 SD), 29.3% overweight (between +1 y+2 SD) and 7.31% obesity (above +2SD). Moreover, 6.1% presented risk of malnutrition (between -1 DE y -2 SD). For the indicator Height/Age, 87.8% had adequate size (above - 1 SD), 11% risk of low height (between -1 DE y -2 SD) and 1.22% presented low height (under -2 SD). When comparing the medians of the years of maternal schooling according to the nutritional status of (18, 15, 14 and 13.5), no significant differences between groups were found (p=0.247 Kruskal Wallis) and comparing medians of the socioeconomic stratification scores according to the nutritional status of preschool children (7, 15 and 10.5), significant differences between groups were found (p=0.023 Kruskal Wallis). Conclusions: More than half of preschool children presented adequate nutritional status and adequate height. No differences between maternal schooling were found according to the nutritional status of preschoolers but it did among economic stratification scores.

Comportamientos de riesgo de trastorno alimentario entre los adolescentes y jóvenes de Nuevo León / Dietary risk behaviors among adolescents and young people of Nuevo Leon

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de analizar algunos factores sociales y familiares que influyen en el riesgo de presentar al menos un comportamiento relacionado con los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria entre adolescentes y jóvenes de Nuevo León. La muestra incluyó 616 jóvenes de 12 a 29 años (316 hombres y 300 mujeres), con una edad promedio de 19.01 años (DE = 4.6), quienes contestaron el Cuestionario de la Encuesta Nacional de la Juventud del año 2010. Los resultados mostraron que la prevalencia de presentar por lo menos un comportamiento de riesgo alimentario en los jóvenes de Nuevo León es ligeramente menor en comparación con la media nacional (38.2 y 39.4%), siendo las mujeres las que presentaron una mayor prevalencia de tener por lo menos un comportamiento de riesgo alimentario en comparación con los hombres (71.8% contra 51.3%). Los jóvenes del estrato social alto también presentaron una mayor prevalencia en comparación con los del estrato social bajo (41.1 y 32.5%). El análisis estadístico mostró que los jóvenes que presentan algún comportamiento de riesgo alimentario pertenecen a familias con poca cohesión entre sus miembros.

The present study was conducted to analyze some social and family factors that influence the risk of developing at least one risk behavior related eating disorder among young people of Nuevo Leon. The sample included 616 young people from 12-29 years, of which 316 are men and 300 women with an average age of 19.01 years (SD = 4.6) who answered the questionnaire of the National Youth Survey 2010. The results showed that the prevalence of presenting at least one risk behavior associated with eating disorders in young food of Nuevo Leon is slightly lower compared to the national average (38.2% and 39.4%). With a higher prevalence of presenting at least one eating risk behavior among women compared to men (71.8% vs. 51.3%), youth social class high compared with the low social class (41.1% and 32.5%). Furthermore, statistical analysis showed that young people who have some risk behavior associated with eating disorders come from families with little cohesion among its members.

Ácidos grasos esenciales de cadena larga en las células de la mucosa bucal de preescolares Venezolanos: Diferencias regionales y por estratos socioeconómicos / Long chain essential fatty acids of oral mucosa cells in pre-school Venezuelan children: Regional and socioeconomic strata differences

Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga son importantes para el crecimiento y funcionamiento de numerosos órganos y sistemas bioquímicos del niño. Objetivo: Documentar el nivel de ácidos grasos (AG) en niños preescolares de Venezuela para obtener datos sobre su promedio, desviación estándar y su relación con el estrato socioeconómico y ubicación geográfica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal que incluyó a 191 niños en edad preescolar de los Estados Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Bolívar y Orinoquia de diversos estratos socioeconómicos según la clasificación de Graffar-Méndez-Castellano. Se analizó el contenido de AG de los glicerofosfolípidos de las células de la mucosa bucal con el método de Klinger y colaboradores modificado. El análisis estadístico se realizó usando el paquete estadístico StatCrunch. Resultados: La distribución de Ácido Docosahexaenoico (DHA) es bimodal, mientras que la del Araquidónico es Gaussiana. El DHA es mayor en los grupos socio-económicos más aventajados (Estratos sociales I-III) que en los con menores ingresos (Estratos sociales IV-V) en Caracas, donde estos últimos llegan a tener valores inferiores al 0,2%. Esa situación se revierte (Estratos sociales IV-V) > Estratos sociales I-III) en Margarita. La población indígena de Orinoquia tiene valores de DHA comparables a valores reportados en países ricos. Los valores de AG trans isómeros son bajos (<0,5%). Conclusiones: Hay diferencias en los niveles de AG en niños preescolares venezolanos según las regiones geográficas y el estrato socioeconómico. Los valores bajos de DHA encontrados en algunos grupos urbanos de preescolares ameritarían futuros estudios de intervención con alimentos fortificados con este AG.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for growth and function of several organs and biochemical systems in the child. Objective: Document the level of fatty acids (FA) in Venezuela preschool children to obtain data on their average, standard deviation and its relationship with socioeconomic status and geographic location. Methodology: A cross-sectional study included 191 preschool children from Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Bolívar States and Orinoquia coming from different socioeconomic strata according to the Graffar-Méndez-Castellano classification system. The FA content of glycerophospholipids fraction in oral mucosal cells was analyzed by the method of Klinger and colleagues with minor modification. Data analysis was performed using the statistical package StatCrunch. Results: The Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has a bimodal distribution pattern whilst the Arachidonic acid is Gaussian. DHA is higher in the better-off socioeconomic groups (Strata I-III) than in the worst-off groups (Strata V-V) in Caracas, whose values are lower than 0.2%. This situation is reversed (Strata V-V) > Strata (I-III)) in Margarita. The indigenous population from Orinoquia has high levels of DHA, similar to those reported in affluent countries. The Trans fatty acid isomer content of the majority of children was low (<0.5%). Conclusions: There are differences in the FA content of Venezuelan pre-school children with respect to their socioeconomic and geographical regions. Low levels of DHA found in some urban groups of pre-school children require future intervention studies with FA fortified food.

Prevalencia comparativa entre cáncer gástrico y colorrectal en dos unidades de endoscopia de diferente estrato socioeconómico / Comparison of the prevalences of gastric and colorectal cancer at two endoscopy units in different socioeconomic strata

Introducción: Partiendo de las diferencias en las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad en cáncer gástrico (CG) y cáncer colorrectal (CCR) en el mundo, en un mismo país y dentro de las mismas ciudades, se comparó la prevalencia entre estos tumores en dos unidades de endoscopia que diferían del tipo de población atendida. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia analítica incluyendo pacientes mayores de 18 años a quienes se les realizó endoscopia digestiva alta y colonoscopia, entre diciembre de 2006 y enero de 2011, que tuvieran diagnóstico endoscópico de cáncer, confirmación histológica de adenocarcinomas gástricos o colorrectales y que fueran tumores esporádicos. Resultados: De 38.118 procedimientos endoscópicos, 483 casos cumplieron los criterios de selección, encontrando 5 veces más ocurrencia de CG en el Hospital el Tunal (2,41% vs. 0,47% (p< 0,001)), contrario para CCR donde se encontró 2,5 veces más ocurrencia en la Clínica Fundadores (1,02% vs. 2,47%) (p< 0,001). Los análisis bivariado y multivariado encontraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas mayor presencia de CG en los estratos 1 y 2 (59,7%) y para CCR en los estratos 3 al 6 (79%). Conclusiones: La prevalencia del CG es cinco veces superior en estratos socioeconómicos bajos, contrario a lo ocurrido en CCR donde es 2,5 veces superior en los estratos altos

Introduction: Based on the differences in incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) in the world, in the same country, and in the same cities, we compared the prevalence of these tumors into two endoscopy units serving different types of populations. Materials and methods: We conducted an analytical study of prevalence among patients over the age of 18 who had undergone upper endoscopy and colonoscopy between December 2006 and January 2011. All had been diagnosed with cancer through endoscopy and diagnoses of gastric or colorectal adenocarcinomas and sporadic tumors had been histologically confirmed. Results: Of 38,118 endoscopic procedures performed, 483 cases met the selection criteria. We found five times more occurrences of gastric cancer in the Hospital El Tunal than in the Clinica Fundadores (2.41% vs 0.47% (p <0.001). In contrast, we found 2.5 times more occurrences colorectal cancer at the Clinica Fundadores than we did at the Hospital El Tunal (1.02% vs 2.47% (p <0.001). Bivariate and multivariate analysis found statistically significant associations with the higher presence of GC in Strata 1 and 2 (59.7%) and CRC in strata 3 to 6 (79%) (By law Colombia is divided into 6 strata according to income per capita. Stratum one has the lowest per capita income, and Stratum 6 has the highest). Conclusions: The prevalence of GC is five times higher in low income groups than in higher income economic groups while CCR prevalence is 2.5 times higher in the upper strata

Consumo de macronutrientes en niños preescolares venezolanos con diagnóstico de caries severa en la infancia temprana / Macronutrients consumption by venezuelan preschool children diagnosed with severe early childhood caries

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el consumo de macronutrientes y calorías en niños preescolares venezolanos con Caries Severa de la Infancia Temprana (CSIT). Para ello, se examinaron 32 niños entre 4 y 5 años de edad con diagnóstico de CSIT, quienes asistieron al Postgrado de Odontología Infantil de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Se consideró un niño con CSIT aquel que presentaba lesiones cariosas, comprometiendo casi todos los dientes, incluyendo los incisivos inferiores, afectando toda la superficie dentaria. Para determinar el consumo de macronutrientes se utilizó una encuesta, en la cual se registró el tipo y cantidad de alimento ingerido durante 24h por tres días. A partir de estos datos se calculó el consumo de proteínas, grasas, hidratos de carbono totales, tipo de hidrato de carbono, así como las calorías provenientes de dichos macronutrientes. Igualmente, se realizó un cuestionario para determinar su condición socioeconómica. Los resultados indicaron que el 100% de los niños evaluados pertenecían a un estrato socioeconómico bajo con un consumo promedio de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, grasas y calorías totales de 151,2± 44,3; 31,5± 9,6; 28,8±10,9 g/día y 962.6±274,4 kcal/día, respectivamente. Al evaluar el tipo de hidrato de carbono los resultados indicaron que los niños consumían dulces retentivos en un 67,7%, dulces sólidos pegajosos en un 20,6% y azúcar en solución en un 11,8%. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto al consumo de macronutrientes y energía, de acuerdo a la edad y género. Los resultados de este estudio indican que los niños con CSIT evaluados presentaron una baja ingesta de proteínas y un consumo promedio de calorías por debajo de los valores recomendados

The purpose of this study was to determine the intake of macronutrients and the amount of calories consumed by a group of Venezuelan children with severe early childhood caries (in spanish CSIT). For this study, 32 children, 4 and 5 years of age, with severe early childhood caries coming from families with a low social-economical status, were selected. A child with severe early childhood caries was considered when almost all the teeth were affected including the lower incisors. The severe condition indicated that the majority of the surfaces were affected by the diseased. Protein, fat, carbohydrates, type of carbohydrate and total calories consumption of each child were determined over three days using a 24 hours recall method. At the same time a questionnaire to determine the social-economical conditions was implemented. The results showed that 100% of the children came from low social-economical status with an average carbohydrates, proteins, fats and calories consumption of 151.2± 44.3; 31.5± 9.6, 28.8± 10.9 g/day and 962.6± 274.4 Kcal/day, respectively. When the type of carbohydrate was analyzed the result showed that 67.7% children ingested retentive sweet, 20.6% solid sticky sweet and 11.8% sugar in solution. When the macronutrients and calories consumption were evaluated according to age and gender, no differences were observed. The results of this study indicate that the evaluated children presented a low daily intake of proteins and a mean consumption of calorie below the recommended values

Ph de los jabones: un estudio observacional / SOAP PH: an observational study

La epidermis es la primera línea de defensa entre el cuerpo y el medioambiente, evitando que irritantes, alérgenos y microbios se penetren en el cuerpo. La capa más superficial se conoce como “mantoácido”. Cambios en el pH de esta capa provoca irritación y alteración de sus funciones. El agua y el jabón entre otros pro ductos cosméticos modifican el pH de 20 jabones de distintas marcas comerciales. Se observaron diferentes grados de alcalinidad entre los jabones estudiados. La mayoría de estos jabones resultaron de elevada alcalinidad, con pH que osciló entre 7.81 y 10.25.

The epidermis is the first line of defense between de body and thee nvironment. The epidermis prevents irritants, allergens and microbes from penetrating into the body. The most superficial layer is called “acidmantle”. The pH changes in this layer result in irritation and alteration of its functions. The pH is modified by water and soap, among other cosmetic products. The pH of 20 soaps of different trade marks was measured. Different alkalinity levels were observed in the studied soaps. Most of these soaps had a high level of alkalinity, with a pH that ranged from 7.81 to10.25.

Lactancia materna y estado nutricional de niños entre 1 y 3 años de edad / Breastfeeding and nutritional status of children between 1 and 3 years of age

Se estudia la relación entre la lactancia materna y el estado nutricional de 127 niñas y 143 niños (n =270) de 1 a 3 años de edad, mediante un estudio de campo descriptivo y transversal, en ambulatorios de Caracas. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, estrato socioeconómico, tiempo y duración de la lactancia materna, peso, talla y las circunferencias del brazo y cabeza, para obtener la combinación de indicadores peso para la edad, peso para la talla y talla para la edad, y con ambas circunferencias el Índice de Kanawati-McLaren (K-McL= Circunferencia de brazo/Circunferencia de cabeza). Se aplicaron cuestionarios semiestructurados, al binomio madre-niño Predominaron los estratos sociales IV y V (Pobreza relativa y Crítica, respectivamente) según Graffar modificado, solamente el 17 % de la muestra pertenecía al estrato III (condiciones económicas medias). Al establecer la relación entre la lactancia y el estado nutricional según los indicadores hubo un comportamiento sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En cuanto a la combinación de indicadores y el tiempo y tipo de lactancia practicada en los niños ubicados entre percentiles 10 y 90 y con seis meses de lactancia exclusiva fue realizada sólo por el 8,33% de ellos. En los desnutridos con talla normal, la cifra fue igualmente cercana: 10,81% para esa práctica. Los varones estaban desnutridos en un 21% y las niñas en un 13%. Al aplicar K-McL: 75,63% de los niños amamantados hasta el día de la entrevista resultaron normales (percentil 50 o mediana) y los no amamantados hasta ese momento sumaron un 70,83%(AU)

This study examines the relationship between breastfeeding and nutritional status of 127 girls and 143 boys (n =270) 1 to 3 years of age. It was carried out a field descriptive and cross-sectional study in clinics of Caracas. The anthropometric variables were: age, sex, socioeconomic strata, time and duration of the maternal breastfeeding, weight, height, and cephalic and arm circumferences, for the combination of indicators: weight for age, weight for height and height for age, and with both the index Kanawati-McLaren (K-McL) circles and semi structure questionnaires have been implemented. The social stratum IV and V predominated (relative poverty and criticism, respectively) according to modified Graffar, only 17% of the sample belongs to the stratum III (average economic conditions). To establish the relationship between breastfeeding and nutritional status according to the indicators, there was a behavior without statistically significant differences. The combination of indicators and the time and breastfeeding practiced in located children (between 10 and 90 percentile) and six months of exclusive breastfeeding was performed only by 8.33 % of them. In the malnourished with normal stature, the figure was also close: 10,81% for this practice. The boys were undernourished by 21% and the girls by 13%. Applying K-McL: 75, 63% of the children breastfed until the day of the interview were normal (percentile 50 or median), and not breastfed until that time amounted to 70, 83 %(AU)

Distribuição de colmo na estrutura vertical de pastos de capim Aruana e azevém anual submetidos a pastejo intermitente por ovinos / Distribution of stem in the vertical structure of Aruana guineagrass and Annual ryegrass pastures subjected to rotational grazing by sheep

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a participação relativa de colmo na estrutura vertical de pastos de capim Aruana e azevém anual submetidos a estratégias de pastejo intermitente por ovinos. Os tratamentos para o capim Aruana corresponderam a pastejos realizados quando os pastos atingiam 95 e 98% de interceptação da luz incidente (IL) até as alturas pós-pastejo de 10 e 15cm. Para o azevém anual, os tratamentos corresponderam a pastejos realizados quando os pastos atingiam 15 e 25cm de altura pré-pastejo até as alturas pós-pastejo de 4 e 8cm. O delineamento experimental utilizado para as duas espécies foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, com três repetições. Para quantificação da massa de colmo na estrutura vertical dos pastos, foram realizadas duas amostragens no pré-pastejo por unidade experimental (piquetes de 196m²) utilizando-se um quadrado de 25cm x 25cm de lado, em cada ciclo de pastejo. As amostras foram coletadas de forma estratificada a cada 5cm até o nível do solo. Após o corte estratificado, o material foi separado em colmo, folhas e material morto. Independente da espécie vegetal ou da altura de entrada, aproximadamente 90% de todo o colmo dos pastos encontra-se presente até 50% da altura do pasto, indicando que possíveis reduções em consumo a partir desse momento no rebaixamento podem ser atribuídas a dificuldades em manipulação e apreensão da forragem.

The aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of stem in the vertical structure of Aruana guineagrass and annual ryegrass pastures submitted to strategies of rotational grazing by sheep. Treatments for Aruana guineagrass corresponded to grazing when the swards intercepted 95 and 98% of the incident light (LI) until the post-grazing heights of 10 and 15cm. For annual ryegrass, treatments corresponded to grazing when the swards reached 15 and 25cm (pre-grazing heights) until the post-grazing of 4 and 8cm. The experimental design for two species was a completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme, with three replications. To quantify the stem mass present at each 5cm in the vertical structure of the pastures two samples were taken per experimental unit (paddocks of 196m²) using a square of 25cmx25cm. Cut samples was separated in leaves, stem and dead material. Regardless of plant species or pre-grazing height, approximately 90% of the stem is present up to 50% of sward height, suggesting that reported intake reduction beyond this point can be attributed to difficulties in forage manipulation and apprehension.

Estrutura do componente arbóreo de uma floresta estacional decidual ripária em Jaguari, RS / Structure of the tree component of a riparian seasonal decidual forest in Jaguari, RS, Brazil

Este estudo analisou a estrutura do componente arbóreo de uma mata ciliar, no município de Jaguari, RS. A amostragem foi realizada em 15 parcelas de 10mx10m instaladas ao longo da mata ciliar de um afluente do rio Jaguari. Nessas parcelas, foram identificados e medidos os indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) maior ou igual a 5cm. Podocarpus lambertii, Sebastiania commersoniana e Lithrea molleoides foram as espécies mais representativas da mata ciliar. A distribuição diamétrica do componente arbóreo e das espécies lenhosas de maior valor de importância (VI) seguiu o padrão comum a florestas inequiânias, com tendência à forma de "J" invertido, e revelou uma estrutura não balanceada, indicando que não há equilíbrio entre as taxas de mortalidade e recrutamento de indivíduos. A estrutura vertical e as espécies de maior VI apresentaram tendência à distribuição normal, com a maioria dos indivíduos posicionada nas classes intermediárias de altura.

This study analyzed the tree component structure of a riparian seasonal decidual forest, in Jaguari, RS. Data was collected in 15 10mx10m-plots randomly assigned along the riparian forest of a Jaguari river tributary. In these plots trees showing DBH equal or above 5cm were identified and measured. Podocarpus lambertii, Sebastiania commersoniana and Lithrea molleoides were the most representative species of the riparian forest. The tree diameter distribution in general and for the species with the higher importance value index showed the inverted "J" trend, typical of uneven-aged forests, and unbalanced structure resulting from different mortality and recruitment rates. The vertical and height species structure showing the highest importance value tended to normal distribution, with most of the individuals positioned in or close to the average height class.

Estratificación socioeconómica, estado nutricional y lípidos plasmáticos en escolares venezolanos

Objetivo: Asociar el perfil antropométrico y lipídico con el estatus socioeconómico en un grupo de niños venezolanos en edad escolar de clase alta, media y en pobreza crítica. Métodos: Se estudiaron 161 niños con edades entre 7-9 años de tres estratos socioeconómicos (ESE): alto o II (n=50), medio o III (n=58), pobreza crítica o V (n=53) según Método de Graffar-Méndez Castellano. Se determinó peso y talla; se midió colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TGL) y colesterol unido a HDL (HDLc) en plasma mediante métodos enzimáticos-colorimétricos. Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), colesterol unido a LDL (LDLc) e índices de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: La frecuencia de exceso de peso fue mayor en los estratos II y III mientras que el déficit de peso fue más frecuente entre los niños de ESE V, aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Después de ajuste por género e IMC, los niños de estrato III presentaron valores significativamente más elevados de TGL, colesterol noHDL, relación CT/HDLc, relación LDLc/HDLc y TGL/HDLc así como cifras de HDLc más bajas en comparación con los niños de estrato II o alto. Comparados con los niños de estrato alto, los niños de estrato V (pobreza crítica) también mostraron valores significativamente más altos de TGL, relación CT/HDLc, relación LDLc/HDLc y TGL/HDLc mientras que sus niveles de HDLc fueron más bajos. El número de casos de hipertrigliceridemia, HDLc bajo, relación CT/HDLc elevada, relación LDLc/HDLc elevada y relación TGL/HDLc elevada fue más alto en los estratos III y V en comparación con el estrato II, siendo esto último más evidente en el grupo de clase media. Conclusiones: Los escolares de estrato medio y bajo mostraron un perfil lipídico de mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares que los niños de estrato II, coexistiendo mayor frecuencia de obesidad y dislipidemias en el estrato medio.

Objective: To associate anthropometric and lipid profile with socioeconomic status in a group of Venezuelan schoolchildren from high class, medium class or in extreme poverty. Methods: We studied 161 children aged 7-9 years old from three socioeconomic strata: high or II (n = 50), medium or III (n = 58), extreme poverty or V (n = 53) according to the method of Graffar-Mendez Castellano. Weight and height were recorded; total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in plasma were measured by enzymatic-colorimetric methods. Body mass index (BMI), LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk indices were calculated. Results: The frequency of overweight was higher in high and middle class while underweight was more prevalent in low class children, although no significant differences. After adjustment for gender and BMI, middle class children showed significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels and higher values of triglyceride, non-HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio compared with high class children. Compared to high class children, children in extreme poverty showed significantly lower HDL cholesterol and higher levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio. The number of cases of hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, elevated total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and elevated triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio was higher in middle and low class children compared to high class children, this finding was most evident in the group of middle class. Conclusions: An increased cardiovascular risk profile was observed in low and middle children, coexisting higher frequency of obesity and dyslipidemia in the middle class.

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil / Floristic composition and structure of tree community on the transition Lowland - Lowermontane Ombrophilous Dense Forest in Núcleo Picinguaba/Serra do Mar State Park, Ubatuba, southeastern Brazil

We conducted floristic and structural surveys on arboreous component (circumference at breast high > 15 cm) in 1 ha plot (100 sub-plots of 10 × 10 m) located in a stretch of Atlantic Ombrophilous Dense Forest Lowland-Lower montane transition, in Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, São Paulo State. The regenerating layer (H > 1.5 m and circumference at breast height < 15 cm) was sampled in 0.4 ha (40 sub-plots of 10 × 10 m) within the plot. The richness and diversity were 156 species and H' = 4.00 for the arboreous component in 1 ha, 173 and H' = 4.25 for arboreous (113 species) and regenerating (134 species) layers together in 0.4 ha, and 192 species considering the whole sample. The most abundant species in the tree layer were Euterpe edulis, with 191 individuals (14.8 percent), Mollinedia schottiana (5.1 percent), Rustia formosa (4.8 percent), Chrysoplhyllum flexuosum (4.7 percent), Coussarea meridionalis var. porophylla (4.7 percent) and Guapira opposita (4.4 percent). These species were also among the most abundant in the regenerating layer. The richest families were Myrtaceae (32 spp.), Rubiaceae (15), Fabaceae (13), Sapotaceae (10), Moraceae (eight), Euphorbiaceae (seven) and Lauraceae (six). Tree species richness varied positively with density along the vertical structure of vegetation, being higher in lower high classes, where the density is much larger. On the other hand, the evenness in these classes was lower, increasing toward the upper classes, where trees are not concentrated in few species.

Realizamos o levantamento florístico e estrutural do componente arbóreo (PAP > 15 cm) em uma parcela de 1 ha (100 sub-parcelas de 10 × 10 m) localizada em um trecho da transição Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica das Terras Baixas-Submontana, no Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo. O estrato regenerante (H > 1,5 m e PAP < 15 cm) foi amostrado em 0,4 ha (40 sub-parcelas 10 × 10 m) dentro da parcela. A riqueza florística e a diversidade foram de 156 espécies e H' = 4,00 para o componente arbóreo em 1 ha, 173 e H' = 4,25 para os estratos arbóreo (113 espécies) e regenerante (134) em 0,4 ha e 192 espécies considerando toda a amostragem. As espécies mais abundantes no estrato arbóreo foram Euterpe edulis, com 191 indivíduos (14,8 por cento), Mollinedia schottiana (5,1 por cento), Rustia formosa (4,8 por cento), Chrysoplhyllum flexuosum (4,7 por cento), Coussarea meridionalis var. porophylla (4,7 por cento) e Guapira opposita (4,4 por cento). Estas espécies estiveram entre as mais abundantes também no estrato regenerante. As famílias com maior riqueza foram Myrtaceae (32 spp.), Rubiaceae (15), Fabaceae (13), Sapotaceae (10), Moraceae (oito), Euphorbiaceae (sete) e Lauraceae (seis). A riqueza de espécies arbóreas variou positivamente com a densidade ao longo do gradiente vertical estrutural da vegetação, sendo maior nas classes mais baixas de altura, onde a densidade é expressivamente maior. Por outro lado, nestas classes a equabilidade é mais baixa, aumentando em direção às classes superiores, onde as árvores não estão concentradas em poucas espécies.

Consumo de alimentos y estado nutricional según estrato socioeconómico en una población infantil de caracas / Dietary intake and nutritional status according to the socioeconomic status in a childhood population from caracas

La desnutrición calórica proteica por ingesta insuficiente de macro y micronutrientes, repercute en el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño, fundamentalmente cuando se produce en las primeras edades. Analizar el consumo de alimentos, su adecuación nutricional y el estado nutricional por indicadores antropométricos segúnestrato socioeconómico. 270 niños entre 1-3 años (143 niños y 127 niñas) de Caracas pertenecientes a los estratos sociales III (17%), IV (61%)y V (22%) según Graffar- Méndez Castellano. Se analizó el peso y la talla, por indicadores individuales y según diagnóstico com binado (DCOMB) con valores de referencia de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Para el consumo de alimentos se aplicó recordatorio de un día, adecuación de nutrientes y fórmula dietética. Los varones resultaron con mayor déficit que las niñas según DCOMB y por indicadores antropométricos: peso edad (P-E), talla-edad (T-E) y peso-talla (P-T). El estado nutricional clasificó 7% sobre la norma, 75% normales y 17% de déficit, más acentuado en los niños menores. La fórmula dietética es adecuada en todos los nutrientes. La adecuación de la energía, en sus términos porcentuales con respecto al requerimiento ideal del individuo disminuyó significativamente al descender en la escala social. Las proteínas presentaron adecuaciones altas y se encontró elevado consumo de vitamina A y calcio, con manifiesto déficit (85-100%) en el consumo de hierro y zinc respectivamente. El consumo deficiente en calorías y nutrientes se observa acompañado de profundas carencias de hierro y de zinc, factores que afectan el estado nutricional de los niños, y que constituyen causa de retardo en el crecimiento físico

The concept of protein calorie malnutrition comprises a shortage of macro and micronutrients intake that influences the growth and development of children, especially when the insufficiency occurs during early childhood. The study was conducted in order to analyze according to socioeconomic status, dietary intake, nutritional adequacy and nutritional status. Sample comprises 270 children with ages 1-3 years (143 boys and 127 girls) classified according to Graffar Méndez-Castellano social methodology; stratum III (17%), IV (61%) and V (22%). Weight and height were analyzed by specific indicatorsand combined ranking of nutritional status (DCOMB), following WHO values. Food consumption, adequacy and dietetic formula were calculated by means of a 24-hour recall questionary. Combination rank of nutritional status, showed 7% above the norm, 75% normal and 17% nutritional deficit, especially in the younger ones. Results derived from all indicators suggested more vulnerability amongst boys than girls. On the other hand, the dietetic formula highlighted adequate proportion in all the nutrients, although there is a decrease of macro-nutrients as one moved down the social scale. Proteins showed high adequacy and high consumption of vitamin A and calcium was found, but other trace elements as iron and especially zinc showed especially low intake. Overall 25% of the children had protein-calorie malnutrition accompanied by nutritional deficiencies of iron and zinc. A failure of adequate caloric and energy dietary intakes comes along with a low consumption of iron and zinc, whichinfluence negatively the nutritional status in children and causes growth retardation